نشریه علوم اجتماعی
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 25، بهار و تابستان 1394)

The aim of this research is to study the outcomes of distance and strategies to deal with it. Thus, applying qualitative methods, with 43 men and women who were willing to participate in the research, in-depth interviews were conducted and were studied the experiences of the couples of distance, outcomes and strategies to deal with it.
After the interviews, coding and date analysis was performed to identify and examine The main topics of research: outcomes of distance and strategies to deal with it.
The strategies were classified in three categories: Maintaining and improving the relationship, indifference to the relationship, and ending the relationship. The mentioned distances have two categories of outcomes: Negative consequences include loneliness, lack of happiness, relative deprivation, etc. and positive consequences are the issues like self-assessment, freedom, skills and self-reliance, etc

Researchers face an array of ethical requirements. Many of the ethical norms help to ensure that researchers can be held accountable to the public; norms promote the aims of research, such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error. This paper aims to evaluate research ethics between PhD and postgraduate students as researchers. University of Tehran was taken as a case. Accountability, Privacy, Anonymity, Honesty, Informed consent and Professional Responsibility were evaluated as Research Ethics dimensions. A fuzzy-AHP is used to assigned adequate relative importance to the criteria. The results revealed PhD and postgraduate students have suitable level of Research Ethics.

Aim: The present paper conducted by the aim of explanation impact of Organizational Justice on organizational culture in Educational organizations among education staffs of Mashhad Country in2013.
The statistical society of this research included 285people of education staffs were stratified random sampling selected.
The Research method of this study was survey, by using Denison organizational culture questionnaire (2008) and Knehoof Organizational Justice questionnaire (1991).
To analyze the relationship between variables structural equations (path analysis, factor analysis) were used.
According to the obtained results of structural equations and Goodness of Fit statistics the conceptual model was meaningful. The most Organizational Justice impact was on adaptability component with =0/38.The most important organizational culture component in Educational organizations were adaptability with factor loading=0/82.
Finally: output of LISREL showed R=0/46, R=0/22, T=17/14, that relationship between Organizational Justice and organizational culture is meaningful.
And its achieved data path analysis and factor analysis demonstrated that, a meaningful relation was observed between Organizational Justice and organizational culture, and if Justice Perception increase organizational culture component’s grades will increase.

This study investigates the power structure distribution among Tabriz families from the Viewpoints of women. Using survey method, around 384 women were chosen from the population under study by the use of Cochran sampling formula and Quota sampling method. Standard Questionnaire was used to gather needed data and SPSS is used to analyze them.
Correlation analyses show that both women's and men's educational attainment and their income as well, have significant relationships with power structure in families at P= 0.01. The number of years lived with husband, family size, and the age-differences between wife and husband were negatively correlated to women's status in familial power structure. Regression Analyses also indicate that, three variables; including Men's educational attainment, Women's occupational status, and Men's income were the most important factors explaining power structure in Tabriz families, respectively,

Nowadays internet is used everywhere. people use it according to their needs and abilities.The purpose of this study is to investigate the experience of campus female students of internet and websites.
This research is performed in phenomenological qualitative approach using in-depth and semi-structured interviews and purposeful sampling. Participants discussed their ideas and experiences about internet and websites.
Findings were summarized in five core concepts and several sub concepts namely efficiency reasons, encouraging factors, information literacy, consequences, restriction.
Awareness of the experiences and perceptions of female students can reduce the consequences of inappropriate use of the internet.An important issue in this research is to educate students about positive and negative aspects of internet applications to make reasonable choices of data and information.

This study, based on Pierre Bourdieu's theories about Practice, Field and Cultural Capital, examines the effects of Cultural Capital on Academic Achievement. In this study, the Survey Methods used, and its Population is Students studyingin Kashan University, Islamic Azad University of Kashanand Aran & Bidgol Payame-Noor University, in 2010-11school year. The Study Sample Size, using Cochran formula, is 245 people. The results show that, there is adirect relationship between Cultural and Educational Cooperation, Consumption of Cultural Products, Cultural Behaviors and Procedures, Family Educational and Occupational Values, Students Influence of Mass Media and Students Cultural Capital (As Independent Variables of the study) and their Academic Achievement (As Dependent Variable of the study).Generally, in terms of importance and the effect of independent variables on thedependent variable, in the Multivariate Analysis and Pathanalysis, the most important variables, respectively, are: 1. Cultural Capital, 2. Cultural and EducationalCooperation, 3. Influence of Mass Media.

Research in the field of Child Friendly Cities,especially in Europe,from the1980s onward were considered.The main purpose of the allocation of citizenship to the children and to develop awareness,increase public participation,decrease violence against children,according to the environmental issues the environmental safety of children and address their wants and needs.
)CFC( project mainly seeks to create opportunities for children about their environment in order to shape or change it.Children are defined as citizens have rights and are entitled to express their views.Methodology of This Research was survey.The units of analysis is the child.Population,children9to12years who are living in Mashhad.A sample of 250people was determined.Methods of sampling,multi-stage cluster random potential with good accuracy(d =0.05)ration of the0.95%is chosen.Measurement is made by the researcher and the dependent variable is the standardized questionnaire used in Oxford.The results show that50%of children in the city of Mashhad have been satisfied and that their preferred.The results of multiple regression analysis shows that(0.36)of the changes in children's happiness,related to the independent variables of the research.These variables have the greatest influence on the children are feeling of happiness children who are social participation variables0.41%and belong to city of Mashhad0.24%and variable sense of security is also affected0.11%has been and0.12%of its Having urban facilities.In this model, the child's social participation,sense of belonging to the variable of feel of safe,Having urban facilities,feeling of happiness strengthens

This study, using panel data model, investigates the determinants of migration from 15 OECD and 14 developing countries to the U.S. for the period of 1991–2008. The results show that distance has a significant and negative effect for either groups of the countries. Labor supply is not significant for the developed countries but it has positive and significant effect for the developing countries. Both the developed and developing countries respond to per capita GDP differences. Technology gap decreases migration from the developed countries but the developing countries respond positively. Both the developed and developing countries respond to investment rate negatively. Population and foreign direct investment have positive and significant effects for the both groups of the countries but have relatively small effect on migration. Birth rate in either groups of the countries has positive and significant effect. Both the developed and developing countries respond to human capital positively, meanwhile this factor has stronger effect in the developing countries. At last, the two-year lag of prior migrants who had previously settled in the U.S. has positive and significant effect on migration from the developed and developing contries.

The aim of the paper is to estimate the prevalence and factors associated to health promoting lifestyles with emphasis investigate gender differences among older adults. The participants of this study consisted of 400 elderly males and females (aged 60 years and more) from Shiraz city, who chosen by proportional stratified-sampling method.
Binary analysis showed gender predicts significantly scores of four of six health-promoting lifestyle subs-cales. In fact, we found out that females had higher scores of health responsibility and interpersonal relations than males, and vis-a-vis males had higher scores of physical activity and stress management than females. But, that there was no significant difference between gender and scores of two subscales; nutrition and spiritual growth. For overall health-promoting lifestyle, binary analysis showed males has higher score than females, although this result wasn’t statistically significant. Multivariate analysis (MCA) showed health promoting lifestyle score were positively associated with female gender. In fact, controlling for socio-economic variables (such as age, education, Occupation, income, living arrangement, self-efficacy, and so on), we found significant difference in health promoting lifestyle between men and women, with women having higher mean score. Overall, Apart from biological differences between women and men, social conditions and inequality result to unfair healthy behaviors outcome among men and women.

The aim of the present paper, qualitative study of the impacting process of the structure of relationships in networks of the couples on emotional divorce.Researcher In this dissertation, has used from NODEXL network analysis software. In order to generalize the results obtained from the network and qualitative analysis, to the statistical community, with the arrival of the data in SPSS, was analized data by path analysis. The Statistical Society of the research are all of married couples and sample size is 30 couples in Mashhad with their network members, that in fact includes 699 node and consist of 1,200 relations,hip, combined of 181 an intimate friend of couples network and 365 member of the family couples that responsed to questionnaire. The results of qualitative and quantitative part showed that among relationship variables, the size of the network, verify, support, coordination, tie strength, intimacy, closeness centrality, joint activities and overlap on intimacy with a spouse are effective and intimacy with a spouse has the most effect on emotional divorce. Among featural variables, the number of children, relation kind of previous relationship, duration of marriage, Awareness of spouse feauters before marriage are effective on intimacy with a spouse and emotional divorce.

In this paper, we use Critical Conversation Analysis (CCA), Semiotics and Membership Categorization Devices (MCD) methods to conversations analysis a Teahouse customers in Mashad city. Our main concern is that to show how this conflict reveals itself in a shared memory of several customers who confront formal power, and how in expressing such memories, we observe signs of resistance, even in the lowest levels of social life, in a life world arena. This qualitative study within three months of the study and a researcher in the field of audio recording of conversations and analysis of conversations is replication rules. A purposive sample of four main groups present in Teahouse and conversation among members of the group, which included a diary of humor is the face of official symbols of power, has been studied. The results show that the members of the colony as Teahouse indirect method, where groups such as the tea itself, the humor of his memories of dealing directly with the established authority, a social indifference in the face of pressure the formal powers of everyday life.

Alcohol use is an element which have many economic, psychological, social and personal dysfunctions. The main objective of the present study has been to identify and to analyze the influential social factors on alcohol use. The method of the study was survey and data collected through self-administrated questionnaire which its reliability was tested by Cronbach’s test and its validity was confirmed by Construct and content validity. The universe of survey included all students of social sciences University of Tehran . Totally, 400 students were selected. Theoretical frameworks were labeling theory, Hirschi and Gottfredson’s general theory of crime, Agnew’s theory of general strain and social bond theory of Hirschi .Thedescriptive data researchhas shown thatgenderdifferencesinalcohol consumptionamongcollege studentshave beensignificant. Also, the results of regression analysis showed that variables such as social attachment, self control, labeling had significant effect on attitude toward alcohol use and among all variables social attachment ( with coefficient β= -0.6) was the most important variable for predicting the attitude toward alcohol use.